Oral History Interview with Ilsa R. Katz

Life under Soviet occup.'39-'41| hiding 6 mos. '41| aid by non-Jews| flight to Ukraine, kolkhoz in Saratovsk| Communist Polish Army (First Belorusian Front) '44-'48| w/army in Warsaw at war's end| ret. to Ukraine to fight the Banderovtsy| Israel '50

Henry Skorr was born in Kalisz, Poland on October 11, 1921. He describes in detail Jewish life in Kalisz before WWII including the antisemitism that existed, his traditional upbringing and schooling, and the special relationship between parents and children. He discusses the atmosphere before and after German occupation; the arrest, detention and forced labor of Mr. Skorr and his brother; his realization that they must escape Poland. He describes a mass execution in a Kalisz cemetery during which he and other boys were ordered to help in the burial and then his subsequent escape from the cemetery. He tells of traveling through Poland to Russian occupied territory of the Ukraine until he reached Kovel. He then decided to return to Kalisz to take family and friends through this escape route. Mr. Skorr, now with his family, was resettled in Cherepovetz in deep Russia. He describes the train trip and his recruitment to work deep in the forest to cut down trees. Conditions, as he describes them, were terrible and he escaped back to Cherepovetz and found work as a sailor on a boat hauling lumber and barges. Throughout the testimony, Mr. Skorr comments on life in Russia and gives insights into Russian people and society and how the system worked. He was mobilized to work on the fortification near Leningrad and describes the German breakthrough and his joining and organizing a guerrilla movement. He was wounded and evacuated to Wologda. Upon recovery he returned to Cherepovetz, where his family had stayed. There he found work in the Fire Department where he eventually rose to head the department. Although offered an opportunity for mobilization to the Polish Army he refused because of fear of antisemitism in the ranks. He met his future wife at the end of the war and returned to Warsaw, Poland where they married. His description of life in postwar Poland tells of much antisemitism and attacks on the returning Jews from antisemitic bands. Eventually, he emigrated to Israel in 1950 and to the United States in 1958. This interview was conducted on multiple dates in 1983: February 8 and 28, April 12, May 2, June 14 and 28, July 5 and 19.

Nina Frisch, née Dannenberg, was born July 25, 1935 in Stanislawa (Stanisławów), Poland to an orthodox family. The family was moved into a ghetto when she was six years old. She remembers hiding in nearby woods in 1943, surviving on hazelnuts, periodically running from German troops, and that her mother was shot to death and buried there. Staszek Jaczkowski, a Polish man, who was honored by Yad VaShem for saving 31 Jews, hid Nina and her father in a bunker in the cellar of his house from September 1943 to July, 1944, along with many other Jews, until they were liberated by the Russians. She describes in great detail how the Jewish families hiding in this bunker survived, established daily routines, and tried to keep some degree of normalcy. Mr. Jaczkowski treated the group very humanely and tried to establish an escape route for them after it became extremely dangerous to stay in the bunker. Nina and her father came to the United States in May 1949, because they could not go to Israel. She explains how she came to terms with surviving when so many others were killed, why she is willing to talk about her experiences, and that she cannot understand how Germans could commit such atrocities and still have a normal family life. Interviewee: FRISCH, Nina Date: April 22, 1985

Margaret Eisen, nee Bloch, was born May 20, l933 in Königheim, Germany. In this brief interview, she shares details about how her parents tried to survive before their emigration to the United States and her childhood memories of the difficulty of adjusting to life in America. She shares a story told to her about how Nazi soldiers marched through the town in April 1933 intent on doing mortal harm to her father because the boycott sign had been taken off her father’s grain shop. A friend helped him escape the mob, but her father was haunted by that incident the rest of his life. She and her parents emigrated to the United States in the 1938, sponsored by a distant relative. Margaret details their arrival and settling in as well as her family’s sorrow at not being able to bring over many extended family members. She also shares her struggles at adapting to her new home, how she was beaten up for being German and other difficulties for the family financially and emotionally. Margaret tells what happened to the rest of her family who remained in Europe, including stories of some cousins who worked in the French underground.

Eva Bentley, nee Wahrmann, was born in Budapest to a Jewish family with a 500-year history in Hungary. She mentions some of their significant contributions to religious and political life. Details of antisemitic incidents with a teacher and her fellow students at public school are given, as well as a description of the stressful experience of attending an elite, experimental Jewish Gymnasium. She describes the hardships of living under the Horthy regime, the Szalasi and Arrow Cross persecutions and the abuses of the Russian occupation. After the German occupation in 1944, Eva and her family had to move into a “yellow star” house; her stepfather was deported to a labor camp. She gives a graphic account of an SS massacre, when she was shot and her mother bayoneted. They survived in a primitive Jewish hospital facility. She describes a number of instances of aid by non-Jews, including clergy and Hungarian police, who saved her and her family. A Christian uncle saved her aunt and 29 other Jews in hiding. After liberation by the Russians, Eva was married and she immigrated with her husband to the U.S. in 1956.